Legends on the edge of the ice – the best ice hockey coaches of the USSR

Ball hockey is a dynamic and exciting winter sport that combines elements of ice hockey and football. The game is played on the ice by two teams of 11 players, whose aim is to score as many goals as possible into the opponent’s goal. In this article, we will look at the rules of ball hockey in detail.

The basic rules of ball hockey

The format, also known as ‘bendi’, originated more than a century ago in Scandinavia and Russia. The current set of rules developed as early as the 19th century, when the game on frozen rivers and lakes became increasingly popular. Initially, the rules of ball hockey were very different – there were no clear field boundaries and the number of players could vary depending on the mood of the participants and the size of the lake. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was decided to standardise the rules in order to make the game more organised and entertaining.

One of the most important changes in the history of ball hockey was the introduction of a limit of 11 players per team and the establishment of clear rules for the order of throw-ins and penalties. Today, the rules dictate specific pitch sizes, the use of sticks and the application of penalties and free kicks, creating a balance between speed and strategy.

Pitch sizes and equipment – where and with what to play

Ball hockey requires a specially equipped ice rink, which according to the rules is 90-110 metres long and 45-65 metres wide. This huge surface allows athletes to develop very high speed and outwit their opponents with strategic manoeuvres. The hockey pitch is divided into several zones: The centre line divides the pitch into two halves, while the goal is a semi-circular area with a radius of 17 metres, where the most exciting moments take place.

The equipment is another important component. The hockey stick in Bendi is different from the usual hockey stick. It has a curved end, which helps to control the ball better. The stick is made of light but strong wood, which makes it easy to manoeuvre. The ball itself weighs around 60 grams and is made of luminous plastic so that it is easy to see on the ice.

Referees and penalties – how to referee a game correctly

When it comes to refereeing, every detail counts, as the game is played at breakneck speed and any mistake can cost a team victory.

Refereeing rules for ball hockey

The work of the referee requires the utmost attention and a high reaction speed. The rules in ball hockey include several important points such as enforcing the rules in the goal area, monitoring fouls and awarding penalties and free kicks. The game is officiated by three referees, the head referee and two assistant referees, who each have their own duties and areas of control on the pitch:

• Offside control;
• Awarding of free kicks;
• Time control;
• counting fouls;
• Maintaining order in the goal area;
• Deciding controversial situations.

The head referee monitors the overall dynamics of the game, while the side referees help to control offside positions and offences on the flanks. This division of duties keeps the pace of hockey high while ensuring fairness and compliance with the rules.

Penalty kicks and free kicks: Rules and technique

Penalty kicks in ball hockey are awarded in situations where a team has infringed the rules in its defence zone. The player taking the penalty kick is 12 metres from the goal and only the goalkeeper can attempt to stop the ball. The execution technique requires clarity and strength – the ball must be steered as close as possible to the corner of the goal so that the goalkeeper has no time to react.

Free kicks in ball hockey are taken when the offence has been committed in another part of the pitch. The players of the team awarded the free kick are close to the ball, while the defenders must be no closer than 5 metres away. The technique involves three important steps:

1. The stick should be at a 45-degree angle to the ice to ensure optimal contact with the ball and to be able to control it even at high speeds. The correct angle helps to reduce vibrations and maintain balance on impact, which is particularly important in tense moments of the game.
2. Aiming – the player carefully assesses the formation of the defenders, analyses their possible actions and chooses the best direction for a pass or a shot to minimise the risk of being intercepted. It is important to consider not only the opponent’s current position, but also their speed and direction of movement in order to anticipate where a space will open up.
3. Powerful and accurate shooting – it is not only important to shoot the ball, but also to direct it in a way that creates a favourable position for the team, whether to continue the attack or to create a potentially dangerous moment. The shot should be taken with all players in position to maximise the chances of a successful moment and allow for a subsequent pass or direct approach to goal.

Tactics and strategy: How to win?

Winning in ball hockey is not just about luck, it is also about hard work, strategy, adherence to the rules and the ability to see the field one step ahead. Every hockey player, every pass, every manoeuvre is important here.

Basic tactics in ball hockey

Depending on the strength of the opponent and the style of play, teams use different strategies. One of the most popular is the ‘counter-attacking style’, in which the athletes focus on defence and then quickly switch to attack in order to exploit the opponent’s mistakes. This tactic makes it possible to optimise the use of space on the hockey pitch and change the pace of play quickly.

Another effective strategy is ‘attacking from the wings’. Players on the edges of the field often have more freedom of action and can create dangerous moments for the opponent. The Russian team Yenisei Krasnoyarsk, for example, has repeatedly demonstrated its mastery of this tactic, giving it a numerical advantage in attack.

Conclusion

Ball hockey is very interesting, also due to well thought-out rules. Study the peculiarities of the sport discipline in more depth if you want to learn to play well.

Hard physical contact, extreme tension and maximum speed create a unique environment. The game on the ice creates conditions in which collisions lead to emotional outbursts. This is precisely why the question regularly arises as to why fighting is allowed in ice hockey. Controlled physical altercations have become part of the sporting culture and serve as a means of containment, a psychological tactic and an element of entertainment.

History: How the culture of confrontations on the ice came about

The development of ice hockey enforcers began in the North American leagues, where the intensity of the games required unconventional solutions. NHL teams used physical force as a tactical element. As a result, the institution of tough guys emerged – players who specialised in the physical protection of their teammates. Their main task was to intimidate opponents in moments of excessive roughness and to maintain order on the ice.

A classic example of this is the third line in the ‘old’ teams, where fists were valued more than goals scored. These players became leaders in terms of penalty minutes and respect in the locker room. This is how the culture of fighting in ice hockey emerged, where confrontations were no longer the exception but became a special form of interaction.

Referees: Why fighting is allowed in ice hockey

The game situation involving the referees follows a precisely defined pattern. In the event of conflicts, the referees keep their distance, do not intervene immediately and observe the situation visually. This approach explains why referees do not immediately stop fights in ice hockey games. The main task is to wait until the aggression subsides, prevent third players from getting involved, and prevent sneak attacks.

The intervention formula is triggered in several cases: loss of balance by one of the participants, obvious dominance of one player, involvement of an outsider, use of sticks or helmets as weapons. Only when these conditions are met do the referees intervene, stop the fight, determine the penalty, note the time and determine the degree of fault.

Regulations: Rules and responsibilities

Why is fighting allowed in ice hockey? Disciplinary regulations allow physical conflicts, taking into account the following criteria: mutual consent, compliance with restrictions, termination of the incident within the boundaries. According to the rules, a confrontation is classified as a minor or serious offence depending on its intensity. The main penalty is 5 minutes. The players are sent to the bench without replacement, temporarily creating a 5-on-5 tie. If the conflict crosses the line – blows to the back of the head, gloves not removed, blows with the stick – a disciplinary penalty or suspension until the end of the game is imposed.

When does a conflict begin: logic and triggers

Every altercation has specific reasons. Fights often arise after a rough foul, a blow to the goalkeeper, disputes in the goal area or obvious provocation. Additional triggers include unresolved conflicts from previous games, resentment over underhanded tactics or emotional pressure from coaches.

Players use fistfights as a signal – for their teammates, opponents and spectators. A fight stops the avalanche of rough play, distracts attention and slows down the pace. Such scenes are particularly common in the KHL and NHL, where the tension in the final games reaches a critical level.

Penalties and sanctions: What penalties are imposed?

Responsibility is strictly regulated. Every violation is punished with a specific penalty, which is recorded in the minutes. This demonstrates the technical understanding of why fighting is allowed in ice hockey, but only within certain limits.

Five minutes is the basic penalty for a conflict between two sides. A ten-minute penalty is imposed for involvement in collisions after the whistle, demonstrative aggression or leaving the bench. Disciplinary – for repeated violations, provocations or participation in a fight without a helmet. A suspension until the end of the game is imposed for hits from behind, the use of equipment or hits without resistance.

The behaviour of tafgais: their role in the team and the philosophy behind why fighting is allowed in ice hockey

Tafgai act as insurance against lawlessness. These ice hockey players undergo physical and psychological training, master techniques and can control their aggression. Their task is to identify aggressive opponents, warn them and, if necessary, suppress them. The use of force is carried out within the bounds of logic, without degenerating into a street brawl.

Often, these players shape the fighting spirit of the team and become invisible captains. They are respected, feared, but above all, they are listened to. It is important to understand that tafgai can play hockey; otherwise, the coaches would not keep them on the team.

Classification of penalties in ice hockey for fighting

Types of offences and consequences:

1. Minor penalty – 2 minutes. Imposed for provocative actions, physical altercations without fists and rudeness on the bench.
2. Major penalty – 5 minutes. Imposed for a classic fight with mutual consent and in accordance with the rules.
3. Disciplinary penalty – 10 minutes. Imposed for repeated participation, aggression after the whistle, gestures towards the referees.
4. Exclusion until the end of the game – imposed for hitting with the stick, attacks from behind, participation in a mass brawl.
5. Match penalty – automatic exclusion, suspension for the next game, fine.

Each violation is recorded in the minutes and noted in the player’s personal card. In the event of repeated violations, sanctions are imposed by the club and the league.

Spectacularity and commercial factor – why fighting is allowed in ice hockey

A confrontation on the ice not only fires up the participants. The fans react stormily: applause, standing up from their seats, emotional outbursts. This format answers the crucial question of why fighting is allowed in ice hockey – because it is part of the show. The leagues benefit from this: TV ratings rise, broadcasts achieve high viewing figures, and the videos are viewed millions of times.

An ice hockey fight is a short episode, but one with a big emotional impact. It highlights character, courage and fighting spirit. For television and marketing, such images have a stronger effect than a goal scored.

Balance between chaos and control

The ice hockey system does not promote violence, but regulates it. Understanding why fighting is allowed in ice hockey lies in the delicate balance between emotional release and discipline. This makes dirty play unnecessary. A player who knows that he must expect a reaction will refrain from underhanded tricks.

The referees act as guarantors, not censors. Controlled aggression promotes fairness, reduces tension and eliminates latent conflicts. Without such a system, the number of dangerous tricks would increase, hidden provocations would become the norm and the injury rate would rise.

Conclusion

The answer to the question of why fighting is allowed in ice hockey lies not in the acceptance of chaos, but in a conscious strategy. A contact sport that is full of dynamism and risks requires tools to regulate emotions. A fight is a form of communication, a protective mechanism, a warning.

Formalised aggression protects players, punishes provocateurs and creates an unofficial order on the ice. The penalty system, the behaviour of the referees, the roles of the players, the traditions of the NHL and the KHL – all of this forms a unique code in which physical altercations are integrated into the game.